{ "metadata": { "title": "Fiat Currency Outcomes Case Corpus v1.0", "reviewed_through": "2026-08-26", "scope": "Audited global case corpus designed to distinguish failure from replacement; not a complete census of every currency ever issued.", "record_count": 146, "warning": "Do not calculate a universal fiat-currency lifespan or failure rate from this convenience corpus without defining start dates, failure criteria, the denominator, and right-censoring." }, "records": [ { "record_id": "HK001", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Hungary", "currency_name": "Pengő", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1945", "event_end": "Jul 1946", "peak_month": "Jul 1946", "peak_monthly_inflation": "4.19e16%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Forint", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War destruction, fiscal collapse, monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Abandoned and replaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK002", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Zimbabwe", "currency_name": "Zimbabwe dollar", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Mar 2007", "event_end": "Mid-Nov 2008", "peak_month": "Mid-Nov 2008", "peak_monthly_inflation": "7.96e10%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F2", "outcome_label": "Public rejection and currency substitution", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Foreign currencies / multicurrency system", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal and quasi-fiscal monetization amid production and state-capacity collapse", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Virtually disappeared from use", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK003", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Yugoslavia", "currency_name": "Dinar", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Apr 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1994", "peak_month": "Jan 1994", "peak_monthly_inflation": "313,000,000%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Reformed dinar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War, sanctions, fiscal collapse and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Repeated reform and replacement", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK004", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Republika Srpska", "currency_name": "Dinar", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Apr 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1994", "peak_month": "Jan 1994", "peak_monthly_inflation": "297,000,000%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Bosnia and Herzegovina monetary arrangements", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War-state currency and political succession", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Ended with wartime institutional transition", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK005", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Germany", "currency_name": "Papiermark", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1922", "event_end": "Dec 1923", "peak_month": "Oct 1923", "peak_monthly_inflation": "29,500%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Rentenmark / Reichsmark", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar fiscal pressures, reparations conflict and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Stabilized through new unit and fiscal regime", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK006", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Greece", "currency_name": "Drachma", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "May 1941", "event_end": "Dec 1945", "peak_month": "Oct 1944", "peak_monthly_inflation": "13,800%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Drachma reform", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Occupation, war destruction, shortages and fiscal breakdown", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency name continued after reform", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK007", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "China", "currency_name": "Yuan", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1947", "event_end": "Mid-May 1949", "peak_month": "Apr 1949", "peak_monthly_inflation": "5,070%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Gold yuan / successor currencies", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Civil war, fiscal collapse and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Nationalist currency displaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK008", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Free City of Danzig", "currency_name": "German Papiermark", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1922", "event_end": "Mid-Oct 1923", "peak_month": "Sep 1923", "peak_monthly_inflation": "2,440%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Danzig gulden", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Imported German inflation followed by currency reform", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "No", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced during autonomous reform", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK009", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Armenia", "currency_name": "Dram and Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1993", "event_end": "Dec 1994", "peak_month": "Nov 1993", "peak_monthly_inflation": "438%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Dram", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet transition, fiscal and supply disruption", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Domestic currency survived", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK010", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Turkmenistan", "currency_name": "Manat", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Nov 1993", "peak_month": "Nov 1993", "peak_monthly_inflation": "429%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Manat", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet price liberalization and monetary dislocation", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency survived, later redenominated", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK011", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Taiwan", "currency_name": "Yen", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1945", "event_end": "Sep 1945", "peak_month": "Aug 1945", "peak_monthly_inflation": "399%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "C1", "outcome_label": "Independence or sovereignty transition", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Old Taiwan dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "End-of-war sovereignty transition and monetary disruption", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Occupation currency replaced", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK012", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Peru", "currency_name": "Inti", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jul 1990", "event_end": "Aug 1990", "peak_month": "Aug 1990", "peak_monthly_inflation": "397%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Nuevo sol", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Chronic fiscal imbalance, monetary financing and collapse of money demand", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Abandoned and replaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK013", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "currency_name": "Dinar", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Apr 1992", "event_end": "Jun 1993", "peak_month": "Jun 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "322%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Convertible mark and predecessor arrangements", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War, state fragmentation and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Wartime currency replaced", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK014", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "France", "currency_name": "Mandat", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "May 1795", "event_end": "Nov 1796", "peak_month": "Mid-Aug 1796", "peak_monthly_inflation": "304%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Metallic/franc-based arrangements", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Revolutionary fiscal crisis, weak tax capacity and overissue", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "No", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Collapsed and rejected", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK015", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "China", "currency_name": "Yuan", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jul 1943", "event_end": "Aug 1945", "peak_month": "Jun 1945", "peak_monthly_inflation": "302%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Yuan / later reform", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War finance, occupation and supply destruction", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Continued into further crisis", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK016", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Ukraine", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Nov 1994", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "285%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Karbovanets / hryvnia", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup and price liberalization", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced through sovereignty transition", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK017", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Poland", "currency_name": "Marka", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1923", "event_end": "Jan 1924", "peak_month": "Oct 1923", "peak_monthly_inflation": "275%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Złoty", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar fiscal deficits and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by złoty", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK018", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Nicaragua", "currency_name": "Córdoba", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jun 1986", "event_end": "Mar 1991", "peak_month": "Mar 1991", "peak_monthly_inflation": "261%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "New córdoba", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War, fiscal deficits, external disruption and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Reformed and redenominated", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK019", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Congo (Zaire)", "currency_name": "Zaïre", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Nov 1993", "event_end": "Sep 1994", "peak_month": "Nov 1993", "peak_monthly_inflation": "250%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "New zaïre / Congolese franc", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal collapse, political breakdown and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Repeated reform, later replaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK020", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Russia", "currency_name": "Ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "245%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ruble", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Price liberalization and post-Soviet monetary disruption", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency lineage continued", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK021", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Bulgaria", "currency_name": "Lev", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Feb 1997", "event_end": "Feb 1997", "peak_month": "Feb 1997", "peak_monthly_inflation": "242%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Lev under currency board", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Banking and fiscal crisis with collapse of confidence", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Stabilized; currency continued until euro adoption", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK022", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Moldova", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Dec 1993", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "240%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Moldovan leu", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK023", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Russia / USSR", "currency_name": "Ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1922", "event_end": "Feb 1924", "peak_month": "Feb 1924", "peak_monthly_inflation": "212%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Chervonets / reformed ruble", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Civil war aftermath, fiscal collapse and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Reformed and replaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK024", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Georgia", "currency_name": "Coupon", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Sep 1993", "event_end": "Sep 1994", "peak_month": "Sep 1994", "peak_monthly_inflation": "211%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Lari", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War, fiscal crisis and post-Soviet transition", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Coupon abandoned for lari", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK025", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Tajikistan", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Oct 1993", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "201%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Tajik ruble / somoni", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet breakup and civil conflict", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced through sovereignty transition", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK026", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Georgia", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Mar 1992", "event_end": "Apr 1992", "peak_month": "Mar 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "198%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Coupon / lari", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national issues", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK027", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Argentina", "currency_name": "Austral", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "May 1989", "event_end": "Mar 1990", "peak_month": "Jul 1989", "peak_monthly_inflation": "197%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Peso convertible", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal deficits, debt crisis, monetary financing and collapse of confidence", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Abandoned and replaced", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK028", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Bolivia", "currency_name": "Boliviano", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Apr 1984", "event_end": "Sep 1985", "peak_month": "Feb 1985", "peak_monthly_inflation": "183%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Boliviano reform", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal crisis, loss of external finance and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Stabilized with new monetary framework", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK029", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Belarus", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Feb 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "159%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Belarusian ruble", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK030", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Kyrgyzstan", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "157%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Som", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK031", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Kazakhstan", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "141%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Tenge", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK032", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Austria", "currency_name": "Crown", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1921", "event_end": "Sep 1922", "peak_month": "Aug 1922", "peak_monthly_inflation": "129%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Schilling", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar fiscal crisis and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced in stabilization", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK033", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Bulgaria", "currency_name": "Lev", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Feb 1991", "event_end": "Mar 1991", "peak_month": "Feb 1991", "peak_monthly_inflation": "123%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Lev", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Price liberalization and transition crisis", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency survived", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK034", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Uzbekistan", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Feb 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "118%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Sum-coupon / som", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK035", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Azerbaijan", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Dec 1994", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "118%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Manat", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet transition, war and monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK036", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Congo (Zaire)", "currency_name": "Zaïre", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1991", "event_end": "Sep 1992", "peak_month": "Nov 1991", "peak_monthly_inflation": "114%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "New zaïre", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal and political collapse", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Reformed, crisis continued", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK037", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Peru", "currency_name": "Inti", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Sep 1988", "event_end": "Sep 1988", "peak_month": "Sep 1988", "peak_monthly_inflation": "114%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Inti", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Chronic fiscal and monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Continued into later collapse", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK038", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Taiwan", "currency_name": "Taipi", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1948", "event_end": "May 1949", "peak_month": "Oct 1948", "peak_monthly_inflation": "108%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "New Taiwan dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Civil war spillovers and monetary reform", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by new Taiwan dollar", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK039", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Hungary", "currency_name": "Crown", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Mar 1923", "event_end": "Feb 1924", "peak_month": "Jul 1923", "peak_monthly_inflation": "97.9%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Pengő", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar fiscal and political disruption", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced in reform", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK040", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Chile", "currency_name": "Escudo", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1973", "event_end": "Oct 1973", "peak_month": "Oct 1973", "peak_monthly_inflation": "87.6%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Peso", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal, political and monetary crisis", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Later replaced by peso", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK041", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Estonia", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Feb 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "87.2%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Kroon", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK042", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Angola", "currency_name": "Kwanza", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Dec 1994", "event_end": "Jan 1997", "peak_month": "May 1996", "peak_monthly_inflation": "84.1%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Reformed kwanza", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Civil war, fiscal deficits and monetary financing", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Repeatedly redenominated", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK043", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Brazil", "currency_name": "Cruzado and Cruzeiro", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Dec 1989", "event_end": "Mar 1990", "peak_month": "Mar 1990", "peak_monthly_inflation": "82.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Real after successive reforms", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Chronic indexation, fiscal imbalance and monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Successive reforms culminated in real", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK044", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "currency_name": "Franc", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1998", "event_end": "Aug 1998", "peak_month": "Aug 1998", "peak_monthly_inflation": "78.5%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Congolese franc", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "War and fiscal instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency continued", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK045", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Poland", "currency_name": "Złoty", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1989", "event_end": "Jan 1990", "peak_month": "Jan 1990", "peak_monthly_inflation": "77.3%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Złoty / later redenomination", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Transition, fiscal imbalance and price liberalization", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Stabilized; later redenominated", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK046", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Armenia", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Feb 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "73.1%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Dram", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK047", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Tajikistan", "currency_name": "Ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1995", "event_end": "Nov 1995", "peak_month": "Nov 1995", "peak_monthly_inflation": "65.2%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Somoni", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Civil conflict and monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by somoni", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK048", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Latvia", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "64.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Latvian ruble / lats", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK049", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Turkmenistan", "currency_name": "Manat", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Nov 1995", "event_end": "Jan 1996", "peak_month": "Jan 1996", "peak_monthly_inflation": "62.5%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Manat", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Transition and fiscal-monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency survived, later redenominated", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK050", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Philippines under Japanese occupation", "currency_name": "Japanese war notes", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1944", "event_end": "Dec 1944", "peak_month": "Jan 1944", "peak_monthly_inflation": "60.0%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Restored Philippine peso", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Occupation war finance and overissue", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "No", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Occupation notes repudiated", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK051", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Yugoslavia", "currency_name": "Dinar", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Sep 1989", "event_end": "Dec 1989", "peak_month": "Dec 1989", "peak_monthly_inflation": "59.7%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Reformed dinar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal and political instability before federation breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency continued into later crisis", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK052", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Germany", "currency_name": "Papiermark", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1920", "event_end": "Jan 1920", "peak_month": "Jan 1920", "peak_monthly_inflation": "56.9%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Papiermark", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar fiscal and political disruption", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency continued into later hyperinflation", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK053", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Kazakhstan", "currency_name": "Tenge and Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Nov 1993", "event_end": "Nov 1993", "peak_month": "Nov 1993", "peak_monthly_inflation": "55.5%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Tenge", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Currency introduction amid transition shock", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Tenge survived", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK054", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Lithuania", "currency_name": "Russian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1992", "event_end": "Jan 1992", "peak_month": "Jan 1992", "peak_monthly_inflation": "54.0%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or monetary breakup", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Talonas / litas", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-Soviet monetary breakup", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced by national currency", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK055", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Belarus", "currency_name": "Ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1994", "event_end": "Aug 1994", "peak_month": "Aug 1994", "peak_monthly_inflation": "53.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Belarusian ruble", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Transition and monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Currency lineage continued through redenominations", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HK056", "record_type": "Hyperinflation episode", "territory_or_issuer": "Taiwan", "currency_name": "Taipi", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Feb 1947", "event_end": "Feb 1947", "peak_month": "Feb 1947", "peak_monthly_inflation": "50.8%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat, fiduciary, occupation, or hybrid money; classify instrument separately", "convertibility_note": "Episode table does not by itself establish legal convertibility status", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Taipi", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Postwar monetary instability", "fiscal_failure": "Yes", "banking_crisis": "Yes", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Yes", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Continued until 1949 reform", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S001", "source_url_1": "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/cato/0026280/f_0026280_21522.pdf", "source_key_2": "S002", "source_url_2": "https://www.cato.org/research/world-inflation-and-hyperinflation-table", "notes": "Original Hanke-Krus table. Crossing the hyperinflation threshold is not identical to the legal death of the currency." }, { "record_id": "HA057", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Venezuela", "currency_name": "Bolívar fuerte", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Dec 2016", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "Nov 2016", "peak_monthly_inflation": "219.7%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Bolívar soberano / bolívar digital", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal dominance, output collapse, exchange controls and collapse of money demand", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://ideas.repec.org/p/ris/jhisae/0069.html", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA058", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Zimbabwe", "currency_name": "Bond-note/RTGS monetary system", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2017", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "Above threshold under Hanke-Bostrom method", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "RTGS dollar and later Zimbabwe dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Renewed fiscal and quasi-currency financing after dollarization", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S004", "source_url_1": "https://ideas.repec.org/p/ris/jhisae/0090.html", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA059", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "German-occupied Poland, General Government", "currency_name": "Occupation złoty", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jan 1940", "event_end": "Jan 1940", "peak_month": "Jan 1940", "peak_monthly_inflation": "71.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Postwar Polish currency", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Occupation finance, war and coercive monetary administration", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA060", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "German-occupied Poland, General Government", "currency_name": "Occupation złoty", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Aug 1944", "event_end": "Aug 1944", "peak_month": "Aug 1944", "peak_monthly_inflation": "54.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Postwar Polish currency", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Occupation finance and wartime collapse", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA061", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Lebanon", "currency_name": "Lebanese pound", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2020", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "Exceeded 50% monthly for 30 days", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F2", "outcome_label": "Public rejection and currency substitution", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Lebanese pound with extensive dollarization", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Banking, sovereign, fiscal and exchange-rate collapse", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S005", "source_url_1": "https://www.cato.org/commentary/hankes-world-inflation-update", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA062", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Suriname", "currency_name": "Surinamese guilder", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Jun 1993", "event_end": "Jun 1993", "peak_month": "Jun 1993", "peak_monthly_inflation": "208%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Surinamese guilder / later dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal and exchange-rate instability", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA063", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Suriname", "currency_name": "Surinamese guilder", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Oct 1994", "event_end": "Oct 1994", "peak_month": "Oct 1994", "peak_monthly_inflation": "58.6%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Surinamese guilder / later dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Fiscal and exchange-rate instability", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA064", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Łódź Ghetto", "currency_name": "Ghetto mark", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Mar 1942", "event_end": "Mar 1942", "peak_month": "Mar 1942", "peak_monthly_inflation": "232.42%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "None; coercive occupation currency ended", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Nazi occupation, starvation economy and coercive closed monetary system", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA065", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Łódź Ghetto", "currency_name": "Ghetto mark", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Feb 1944", "event_end": "Feb 1944", "peak_month": "Feb 1944", "peak_monthly_inflation": "321.16%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F1", "outcome_label": "Hyperinflationary destruction", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "None; coercive occupation currency ended", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Nazi occupation and destruction of the ghetto", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA066", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Zambia", "currency_name": "Zambian kwacha", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1984", "event_end": "1986", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "about 171%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Zambian kwacha", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Parallel-market depreciation and macroeconomic instability", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA067", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Zambia", "currency_name": "Zambian kwacha", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1988", "event_end": "1988", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "about 100%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Zambian kwacha", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Parallel-market depreciation and macroeconomic instability", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA068", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "CFA franc zone", "currency_name": "CFA franc", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1994", "event_end": "1994", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "about 101%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "CFA franc", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Large parity change measured through parallel-market PPP", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. The latest authors report 71 episodes; the open consolidated row-level table was not available, so unnamed intermediate rows are not invented here." }, { "record_id": "HA069", "record_type": "Later documented hyperinflation addition", "territory_or_issuer": "Belarus", "currency_name": "Belarusian ruble", "iso_code": "", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "May 2011", "event_end": "May 2011", "peak_month": "May 2011", "peak_monthly_inflation": "52.4%", "monetary_regime": "Fiat or coercive occupation money; case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F4", "outcome_label": "Severe crisis; currency survived", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Belarusian ruble", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Exchange-rate crisis and monetary/fiscal pressure", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Case-specific", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Yes", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "See case note", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S003", "source_url_1": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "source_key_2": "S003", "source_url_2": "https://www.world-economics-journal.com/Papers/Monetary-Facts-and-Inflation.aspx?ID=901", "notes": "Later addition verified from an open abstract. 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legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU014", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Cyprus", "currency_name": "Cyprus pound", "iso_code": "CYP", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2008-01-31", "event_start": "2008-01-01", "event_end": "2008-01-31", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "0.585274 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU015", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Malta", "currency_name": "Maltese lira", "iso_code": "MTL", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2008-01-31", "event_start": "2008-01-01", "event_end": "2008-01-31", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "0.429300 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU016", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Slovakia", "currency_name": "Slovak koruna", "iso_code": "SKK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2009-01-16", "event_start": "2009-01-01", "event_end": "2009-01-16", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "30.1260 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU017", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Estonia", "currency_name": "Kroon", "iso_code": "EEK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2011-01-14", "event_start": "2011-01-01", "event_end": "2011-01-14", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "15.6466 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU018", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Latvia", "currency_name": "Lats", "iso_code": "LVL", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2014-01-14", "event_start": "2014-01-01", "event_end": "2014-01-14", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "0.702804 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU019", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Lithuania", "currency_name": "Litas", "iso_code": "LTL", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2015-01-15", "event_start": "2015-01-01", "event_end": "2015-01-15", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "3.45280 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU020", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Croatia", "currency_name": "Kuna", "iso_code": "HRK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2023-01-14", "event_start": "2023-01-01", "event_end": "2023-01-14", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "7.53450 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "EU021", "record_type": "Monetary-union replacement", "territory_or_issuer": "Bulgaria", "currency_name": "Lev", "iso_code": "BGN", "start_date": "", "end_date": "2026", "event_start": "2026-01-01", "event_end": "2026", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat national currency entering monetary union", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "U1", "outcome_label": "Monetary-union replacement", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Euro (EUR)", "conversion_ratio": "1.95583 legacy units per EUR", "primary_cause_summary": "Treaty-based monetary integration and irrevocably fixed conversion", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No", "external_or_fx_pressure": "No necessary finding", "productive_collapse": "No", "currency_substitution": "Managed legal conversion", "public_use_outcome": "Converted at official rate; legacy cash withdrawn", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S015", "source_url_1": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "source_key_2": "S016", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Ending of a national currency through monetary union is not, by itself, a currency failure." }, { "record_id": "RD001", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Afghanistan", "currency_name": "Afghani", "iso_code": "AFA", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2002", "event_end": "2002", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "AFN", "conversion_ratio": "1000 old = 1 new", "primary_cause_summary": "Administrative redenomination during monetary reconstruction", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD002", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Argentina", "currency_name": "Peso argentino", "iso_code": "ARP", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1985", "event_end": "1985", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Austral (ARA)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 ARP = 1 ARA", "primary_cause_summary": "Stabilization reform during high inflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD003", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Argentina", "currency_name": "Austral", "iso_code": "ARA", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1992", "event_end": "1992", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Peso (ARS)", "conversion_ratio": "10000 ARA = 1 ARS", "primary_cause_summary": "Replacement after hyperinflation and convertibility reform", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD004", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Azerbaijan", "currency_name": "Old manat", "iso_code": "AZM", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2006", "event_end": "2006", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "New manat (AZN)", "conversion_ratio": "5000 AZM = 1 AZN", "primary_cause_summary": "Unit rescaling; currency continuity", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD005", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Belarus", "currency_name": "Old ruble", "iso_code": "BYB", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2000", "event_end": "2000", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ruble (BYR)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 BYB = 1 BYR", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD006", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Belarus", "currency_name": "Ruble", "iso_code": "BYR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2016", "event_end": "2016", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ruble (BYN)", "conversion_ratio": "10000 BYR = 1 BYN", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination after long inflation history", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD007", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Ghana", "currency_name": "Cedi", "iso_code": "GHC", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2007", "event_end": "2007", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ghana cedi (GHS)", "conversion_ratio": "10000 GHC = 1 GHS", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD008", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Mozambique", "currency_name": "Old metical", "iso_code": "MZM", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2006", "event_end": "2006", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Metical (MZN)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 MZM = 1 MZN", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD009", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Romania", "currency_name": "Old leu", "iso_code": "ROL", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2005", "event_end": "2005", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Leu (RON)", "conversion_ratio": "10000 ROL = 1 RON", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD010", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Turkey", "currency_name": "Old Turkish lira", "iso_code": "TRL", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2005", "event_end": "2005", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Turkish lira (TRY)", "conversion_ratio": "1000000 TRL = 1 TRY", "primary_cause_summary": "Removal of six zeros after disinflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD011", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Zambia", "currency_name": "Old kwacha", "iso_code": "ZMK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2013", "event_end": "2013", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Kwacha (ZMW)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 ZMK = 1 ZMW", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD012", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Mauritania", "currency_name": "Old ouguiya", "iso_code": "MRO", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2018", "event_end": "2018", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ouguiya (MRU)", "conversion_ratio": "10 MRO = 1 MRU", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD013", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "currency_name": "Old dobra", "iso_code": "STD", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2018", "event_end": "2018", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Dobra (STN)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 STD = 1 STN", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD014", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Turkmenistan", "currency_name": "Old manat", "iso_code": "TMM", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2009", "event_end": "2009", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Manat (TMT)", "conversion_ratio": "5000 TMM = 1 TMT", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD015", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Venezuela", "currency_name": "Bolívar", "iso_code": "VEB", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2008", "event_end": "2008", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Bolívar fuerte (VEF)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 VEB = 1 VEF", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination before later hyperinflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD016", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Venezuela", "currency_name": "Bolívar fuerte", "iso_code": "VEF", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2018", "event_end": "2018", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Bolívar soberano (VES)", "conversion_ratio": "100000 VEF = 1 VES", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination during hyperinflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD017", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Venezuela", "currency_name": "Bolívar soberano", "iso_code": "VES", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2021", "event_end": "2021", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Bolívar digital", "conversion_ratio": "1000000 old = 1 new", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination during continuing instability", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD018", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Suriname", "currency_name": "Surinamese guilder", "iso_code": "SRG", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2004", "event_end": "2004", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Surinamese dollar (SRD)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 SRG = 1 SRD", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination after 1990s inflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD019", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Poland", "currency_name": "Old złoty", "iso_code": "PLZ", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1995", "event_end": "1995", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Złoty (PLN)", "conversion_ratio": "10000 PLZ = 1 PLN", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination after successful stabilization", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD020", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Russia", "currency_name": "Old ruble", "iso_code": "RUR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1998", "event_end": "1998", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R1", "outcome_label": "Redenomination without automatic failure", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Ruble (RUB)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 RUR = 1 RUB", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination; separate 1998 currency crisis followed", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD021", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Ukraine", "currency_name": "Karbovanets", "iso_code": "UAK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1996", "event_end": "1996", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Hryvnia (UAH)", "conversion_ratio": "100000 UAK = 1 UAH", "primary_cause_summary": "Stabilization and permanent national unit", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD022", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Peru", "currency_name": "Sol", "iso_code": "PEH", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1985", "event_end": "1985", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Inti (PEI)", "conversion_ratio": "1000 old soles = 1 inti", "primary_cause_summary": "Reform during chronic inflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD023", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Peru", "currency_name": "Inti", "iso_code": "PEI", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1991", "event_end": "1991", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Nuevo sol (PEN)", "conversion_ratio": "1000000 intis = 1 nuevo sol", "primary_cause_summary": "Replacement after hyperinflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD024", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Brazil", "currency_name": "Cruzeiro real", "iso_code": "BRR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1994", "event_end": "1994", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Real (BRL)", "conversion_ratio": "2750 BRR = 1 BRL", "primary_cause_summary": "Real Plan stabilization after repeated reforms", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD025", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Ecuador", "currency_name": "Sucre", "iso_code": "ECS", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2000", "event_end": "2000", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "F2", "outcome_label": "Public rejection and currency substitution", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "US dollar (USD)", "conversion_ratio": "25000 sucres = USD 1", "primary_cause_summary": "Official dollarization after banking and exchange-rate crisis", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Yes", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD026", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Zimbabwe", "currency_name": "Second dollar", "iso_code": "ZWN", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2008", "event_end": "2008", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Third dollar (ZWR)", "conversion_ratio": "10000000000 ZWN = 1 ZWR", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination during hyperinflation", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "RD027", "record_type": "Redenomination or reform", "territory_or_issuer": "Zimbabwe", "currency_name": "Third dollar", "iso_code": "ZWR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2009", "event_end": "2009", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Fiat currency or transitional monetary unit", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "R2", "outcome_label": "Stabilization reform after crisis", "count_as_failure": "Yes", "replacement_currency": "Fourth dollar (ZWL)", "conversion_ratio": "1000000000000 ZWR = 1 ZWL", "primary_cause_summary": "Redenomination failed to restore confidence", "fiscal_failure": "Case-specific", "banking_crisis": "Case-specific", "war_or_political_breakdown": "No necessary finding", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "No automatic finding", "public_use_outcome": "Converted into successor unit", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S013", "source_url_1": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/changes", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "A redenomination changes the unit of account. It is not evidence of monetary death unless accompanied by loss of function or rejection." }, { "record_id": "PL001", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "German Democratic Republic", "currency_name": "Mark of the GDR", "iso_code": "DDM", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1990-07-01", "event_end": "1990-07-01", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or reunification", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Deutsche Mark", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "German monetary, economic and social union", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S018", "source_url_1": "https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/german-monetary-union-historical-background-666890", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL002", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Czechoslovakia", "currency_name": "Czechoslovak koruna", "iso_code": "CSK", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1993-02-08", "event_end": "1993-02-08", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or reunification", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Czech koruna and Slovak koruna", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Peaceful state dissolution and currency separation", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S019", "source_url_1": "https://www.cnb.cz/en/cnb-news/press-releases/4f948865-3a7c-11e8-a804-5254004e4603", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL003", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Soviet Union", "currency_name": "Soviet ruble", "iso_code": "SUR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1991-1994", "event_end": "1991-1994", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or reunification", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Multiple successor currencies", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "State dissolution and breakup of ruble area", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL004", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "currency_name": "Yugoslav dinar", "iso_code": "YUD", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1991-1994", "event_end": "1991-1994", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "P1", "outcome_label": "Political succession or reunification", "count_as_failure": "Case-specific", "replacement_currency": "Multiple successor currencies", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Violent state dissolution combined with monetary crises", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Yes", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL005", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "South Sudan", "currency_name": "Sudanese pound in southern territory", "iso_code": "SDG", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2011", "event_end": "2011", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "C1", "outcome_label": "Independence or sovereignty transition", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "South Sudanese pound", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Independence and creation of sovereign currency", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL006", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Eritrea", "currency_name": "Ethiopian birr in Eritrea", "iso_code": "ETB", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1997", "event_end": "1997", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "C1", "outcome_label": "Independence or sovereignty transition", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Nakfa", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-independence introduction of national currency", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL007", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Namibia", "currency_name": "South African rand as sole currency", "iso_code": "ZAR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "1993", "event_end": "1993", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "C1", "outcome_label": "Independence or sovereignty transition", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "Namibia dollar, with rand retained", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-independence monetary institution building", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL008", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Timor-Leste", "currency_name": "Indonesian rupiah / transition currencies", "iso_code": "IDR", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "2000", "event_end": "2000", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "C1", "outcome_label": "Independence or sovereignty transition", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "US dollar", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Post-independence official dollar use", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "PL009", "record_type": "Political or sovereignty transition", "territory_or_issuer": "Curaçao and Sint Maarten", "currency_name": "Netherlands Antillean guilder", "iso_code": "ANG", "start_date": "", "end_date": "", "event_start": "Future/live check", "event_end": "Future/live check", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Case-specific", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "H1", "outcome_label": "Hybrid or pending classification", "count_as_failure": "No automatic finding", "replacement_currency": "Caribbean guilder", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Institutional replacement in monetary union", "fiscal_failure": "No necessary finding", "banking_crisis": "No necessary finding", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Political transition", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Case-specific", "productive_collapse": "Case-specific", "currency_substitution": "Managed or case-specific", "public_use_outcome": "Replaced because issuer or constitutional arrangement changed", "confidence": "Medium", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S014", "source_url_2": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "notes": "The end of an issuer or sovereignty arrangement does not prove monetary failure." }, { "record_id": "SV001", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "United States", "currency_name": "US dollar", "iso_code": "USD", "start_date": "1792 / modern fiat transition staged", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Federal Reserve System. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV002", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "United Kingdom", "currency_name": "Pound sterling", "iso_code": "GBP", "start_date": "Long historical lineage; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bank of England. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV003", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Switzerland", "currency_name": "Swiss franc", "iso_code": "CHF", "start_date": "1850; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Swiss National Bank. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV004", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Sweden", "currency_name": "Swedish krona", "iso_code": "SEK", "start_date": "1873; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Sveriges Riksbank. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV005", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Norway", "currency_name": "Norwegian krone", "iso_code": "NOK", "start_date": "1875; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Norges Bank. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV006", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Denmark", "currency_name": "Danish krone", "iso_code": "DKK", "start_date": "1875; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Danmarks Nationalbank. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV007", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Canada", "currency_name": "Canadian dollar", "iso_code": "CAD", "start_date": "1858 / 1871 statutory lineage", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bank of Canada. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV008", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Australia", "currency_name": "Australian dollar", "iso_code": "AUD", "start_date": "1966", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Reserve Bank of Australia. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV009", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "New Zealand", "currency_name": "New Zealand dollar", "iso_code": "NZD", "start_date": "1967", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV010", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Japan", "currency_name": "Yen", "iso_code": "JPY", "start_date": "1871; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bank of Japan. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV011", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "India", "currency_name": "Indian rupee", "iso_code": "INR", "start_date": "Long lineage; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Reserve Bank of India. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV012", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "China", "currency_name": "Renminbi yuan", "iso_code": "CNY", "start_date": "1948", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: People’s Bank of China. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV013", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Singapore", "currency_name": "Singapore dollar", "iso_code": "SGD", "start_date": "1967", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Monetary Authority of Singapore. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV014", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Hong Kong SAR", "currency_name": "Hong Kong dollar", "iso_code": "HKD", "start_date": "Current linked-exchange-rate system", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV015", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Thailand", "currency_name": "Baht", "iso_code": "THB", "start_date": "Long lineage; current fiat regime", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bank of Thailand. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV016", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Philippines", "currency_name": "Philippine peso", "iso_code": "PHP", "start_date": "Postwar sovereign currency lineage", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV017", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "South Korea", "currency_name": "Won", "iso_code": "KRW", "start_date": "1962 current unit", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Bank of Korea. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV018", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "South Africa", "currency_name": "Rand", "iso_code": "ZAR", "start_date": "1961", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: South African Reserve Bank. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV019", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "Mexico", "currency_name": "Mexican peso", "iso_code": "MXN", "start_date": "1993 new-peso conversion; current unit", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "", "source_url_2": "", "notes": "Issuer: Banco de México. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." }, { "record_id": "SV020", "record_type": "Continuing currency", "territory_or_issuer": "European Union euro area", "currency_name": "Euro", "iso_code": "EUR", "start_date": "1999; cash 2002", "end_date": "", "event_start": "", "event_end": "", "peak_month": "", "peak_monthly_inflation": "", "monetary_regime": "Modern fiat or fiat-linked monetary system", "convertibility_note": "", "outcome_code": "S1", "outcome_label": "Continuing currency", "count_as_failure": "No", "replacement_currency": "", "conversion_ratio": "", "primary_cause_summary": "Active currency included to prevent survivor omission", "fiscal_failure": "No current failure finding", "banking_crisis": "Historical episodes possible", "war_or_political_breakdown": "Historical episodes possible", "external_or_fx_pressure": "Historical episodes possible", "productive_collapse": "No current failure finding", "currency_substitution": "No general finding", "public_use_outcome": "Active", "confidence": "High", "source_key_1": "S014", "source_url_1": "https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/market-reference-data/data-standards.html", "source_key_2": "S017", "source_url_2": "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/euro/countries-using-euro_en", "notes": "Issuer: Eurosystem. Start dates are not used to calculate a universal lifespan because currency names and regimes change." } ] }